Sentence examples for logics are from inspiring English sources

The so-called free logics are simply first-order (or modal) logics without existential presuppositions.

Among the oldest kinds of alternative logics are many-valued logics.

Nonmonotonic logics are sometimes conceived of as alternatives to traditional or classical logic.

Higher-order logics are in this sense incomplete and so are all reasonably powerful systems of set theory.

Other new logics are obtained by modifying the rules of those games that are involved in the game-theoretical interpretation of first-order logic mentioned above.

Most relevant logics are paraconsistent.

Not all interesting logics are protoalgebraic.

Many-valued logics are non-classical logics.

All Łukasiewicz's many-valued logics are consistent.

Temporal first-order logics are typically highly undecidable.

Description logics are very close to modal logics.