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The placeholder corresponds with a logical variable that becomes bound by the semantic counterpart of the quantifying-in rule.
Aspects could be modelled as logical variable that are true or false in some state, because they are either considered or not considered (i.e., observable/salient or not).
Since B i is a logical variable, it can be perceived as a Bernoulli trial – a random variable with two possible outcomes, "success" with probability of p i and "failure", with probability of 1 − p i.
If B i is a logical variable that indicates whether the i th bin of the Likert item was chosen, then all possible outcomes for the Likert item can be represented ( {B}_1vee {B}_2vee cdots vee {B}_{k-1}={vee}_{i=1}^{k-1}{B}_i ) since if none of the first k − 1 bin must have been chosen.
We introduce two new peak properties: a logical variable called alive which is initialised to 'true' and set to 'false' when a peak is merged into another one, and the final peak label which is initialised to the global peak ID for all active peaks.
We newly introduce a logical variable for gene expression to realize the impact of transcription inhibitor ActD in this module.
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In most places of this paper, we use (delta _{2}^{1}) and (delta _{2}^{2}) to express logical variables and call them the vector form of logical variables.
In this aspect, Hybrid MPC enables the representation of systems, incorporating logical variables, rules, and continuous dynamics.
The principle of fuzzy approaches in the sense that the variables are not treated as logical variables but as linguistic variables close to human language.
Furthermore, the logical variables are introduced into the obstacle avoidance constraint, which have realized the constraint form is automatically changed to satisfy different obstacle avoidance requirements in different distance intervals between the space robot and the obstacle.
A Matlab program was used to deduce and simplify the Boolean relations between input and output logical variables of the controller, whereas the correctness of Boolean function was verified by an Excel program.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com