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It follows that in the presence of large cardinals one can always use set forcing to flip the truth-value of a purported logical validity of full second-order logic.
In the context of the relationship between fuzzy sets and many-valued logic, an approach toward a game-oriented look at logical validity was offered by Robin Giles.
Traditionally, the belief bias effect has been defined as the interaction between logical validity and believability, with higher latencies and more errors for syllogisms that are valid yet unbelievable and syllogisms that are invalid yet believable (i.e., when there is a mismatch between logical validity and believability) (Evans et al. 1993a, b).
Not all philosophers accept these explanations of logical validity, however.
"My best thinking got me here" was a recovery adage that hit home, or, as he translated it in "Infinite Jest," "logical validity is not a guarantee of truth".
Though it is informed by empirical research into human nature and the general workings of society, it relies principally on the cogency of arguments from learned experts as measured by their logical validity and the truth value of their premises.
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The trains of reasoning involved will depend only on our grasp of logical validities, supplemented by appropriate definitions.
The idea underlying the design of Frege and Russell's logical deduction systems is that the theorems should be the formulas that correspond (intuitively) to the logical truths or logical validities.
For on the one hand, a traditional view in epistemology is that logical knowledge – e.g. knowledge that certain statements are logical validities – is a paradigm case of a priori knowledge.
Since the development of modern logic, important concepts, e.g., syntax, semantics, inference, logical consequence, validity, and completeness, have been applied to sentential representation systems only.
The logical degree of validity of s is thus the degree of validity of s with respect to is, i.e., with respect to a certain sequence of all simple extra-logical ideas contained in s.
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