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This process generates the logical object Decision, whose state determines which one of the above three options will be executed.
These verbs such as "increase"–share the semantic characteristics of a state-change in the logical object of the verb, and the syntactic behavior that when they are intransitive, the grammatical subject of the verb is the undergoer of the change (i.e., is the logical object).
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What is more, Bolzano had an unshakeable intuition that there are and must be such purely logical objects, namely "objective sentences" or "sentences in themselves" (Sätze an sich), and their parts, i.e., "objective ideas" or "ideas in themselves" (Vorstellungen an sich).
These explicit definitions arguably allow Frege to maintain the logicist thesis that arithmetic is logic: they define numbers as logical objects in the sense that their existence can be justified on the basis of (Frege's) logic alone.
The resulting view correspondence as isomorphism between properly analyzed truthbearers and facts avoids assigning strange objects to such phrases as "the average husband", "the sake of", and "the present king of France"; but the view remains committed to logically complex facts and to logical objects corresponding to the logical constants.
We might agree that there must be logical objects of some sort if logic is to have a subject matter, but if Frege is to achieve his goal of showing that our knowledge of arithmetic is free of intuition, then at some point he has to address the question of how, as a matter of meaning, existence claims can be analytic.
But that argument might be turned around by a believer in logical objects, objects whose existence is implied by logic alone.
Only logical objects are "in themselves".
Classes were supposed to be logical objects par excellence.
Absolutely distinct apples, for example, are distinct logical objects.
A properly reformulated theory of 'logical' objects should have separate principles: (1) one or more principles which assert the existence of logical objects, and (2) a separate identity principle which asserts the conditions under which logical objects are identical.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com