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Together with a logical knowledge base, effectively a logic program consisting of logical facts and rules, it induces a ground LP.
Since logical knowledge representation is commonly based on nonclassical formalisms like default logic, autoepistemic logic, or circumscription, it is necessary to perform abductive reasoning from theories (i.e., knowledge bases) of nonclassical logics.
The resulting probabilistic generalizations of default reasoning from conditional knowledge bases allow for handling in a uniform framework strict logical knowledge, default logical knowledge, as well as purely probabilistic knowledge.
Model-based reasoning has been proposed as an alternative form of representing and accessing logical knowledge bases.
In this paper, we consider computational issues when combining logical knowledge bases, which are represented by their characteristic models; in particular, we study taking their logical intersection.
Because it is the main source of techno logical knowledge and the only country that can seriously threaten the security of the Soviet Union, relations with Washington are likely to re main businesslike and, at times, even cordial.
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It seems that Copi took Whately's category of semi-logical fallacies and moved them under a new heading of 'informal fallacies,' presumably for the reason that extra-logical knowledge is needed to uncover their invalidity.
The semi-logical fallacies mostly trade on ambiguous middle terms and are therefore also logical fallacies, but their detection requires extra-logical knowledge including that of the senses of terms[4] and knowledge of the subject matter (Bk. III, §2); they include, among others, the fallacies of ambiguity, and division and composition.
In contrast to logical scientific knowledge which attempts to clarify universal truths by transcending the individual, narrative knowledge seeks to illuminate universal truths by understanding the individual [ 6].
Although it seems logical that knowledge about protein phosphorylation state should provide information above and beyond total protein expression levels, a significant number of studies have shown no added benefit of assessing phosphorylation compared to general antibody IHC.
For example, DL comprise the logical semantics for knowledge representation which constitute the basis of ontological encoding specifically designed for a group of knowledge representation languages which include OWL, the standard language for ontologies over the Web.
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