The classification of chemotherapeutic agents is rather idiosyncratic (e.g.; topoisomerase inhibitors), while under thoracic tumours, the aggregation of small cell lung cancers with carcinoids, while pathologically logical, made for therapeutic confusion.
As he later argued against Quine, "[t]he revolt against the dualism of the analytic and the synthetic rests on a confusion of the logical analysis of (artificially fixed) languages with the historical investigation of (growing, shifting natural) languages" (Feigl 1956, p. 7 8).
In important communications such as financial aid requests, it's critical that your letter makes sense to the reader and is free of logical errors that can cause confusion.
If we ask: 'Are our objects of perception real and are they independent of the percipient?' it must be supposed that we attach some meaning to the words 'real' and 'independent', and yet, if either side in the controversy of realism is asked to define these two words, their answer is pretty sure to embody confusions such as logical analysis will reveal.
To see why it is not, notice that the ascription of limitations and confusions to his logical theory depends almost entirely on taking a special point of view on the nature of logic, namely the viewpoint of Fregean and Russellian logicism, which posits the reducibility of mathematics (or at least arithmetic) to some version of second-order logic.
The late Professor Alvan R. Feinstein, the father of quantitative clinical epidemiology, proposed a more logical approach that would reduce the confusion and call for more moderate sample sizes.
Before exploring possible solutions to the logical problem a couple of common confusions should be cleared away.
Part-whole confusions are commonplace targets of logical training.
When I'm really frustrated and confused I play out my confusion, and that has been very interesting, because the whole theory of politics and political debate is logical, so when you manage to manipulate the logic it becomes illogical.
