After 112 years of being diverted, the natural paths these springs had taken into waterways have been blocked by mudflows, logging and vegetation growth.
For Barzun, these systematic models of cause and effect run counter to the temper of history, which is intuitive, concrete, beholden to time and evidence: History, like a vast river, propels logs, vegetation, rafts, and debris; it is full of live and dead things, some destined for resurrection; it mingles many waters and holds in solution invisible substances stolen from distant soils.
We searched all leaf litter, rocks, logs, vegetation below 0.5 m and the top 50 mm of soil, covering the entire area thoroughly for target taxa.
Our study assessed whether the effects of fire frequency on forest structure (tree hollows, log volume, vegetation complexity) varied with topographic position.
Today mature trees stand tall in parts of the forest that were once logged, and vegetation native to the landscape has come back in areas that were once gardens and homes.
An alternative explanation is that prey use roads for travel and roadside or post-logging vegetation for food and minerals (Laurian et al. 2008; Hebblewhite et al. 2009), which in turn attracts the wolves.
Coarse woody debris is depauperate in many of the world's ecosystems due to stand structural simplification through vegetation clearing, logging and grazing.
At two sites in Washington and Oregon (USA) that differed in availability of soil water and nutrients, mechanisms were studied by which logging debris and competing vegetation interacted to influence performance of planted Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb).
Liberation treatments included manual cleaning of competing vegetation around commercial tree saplings occurring in logging gaps, or spraying competing vegetation near these saplings with one of two herbicides (2,4-D or glyphosate).
Digital thermometers with the sensor placed approximately 5 cm above the ground in the vegetation logged max/min data for 6 consecutive days each year to monitor near-surface temperature inside and outside of the OTCs (Taylor Precision Products; ).
Logging residues linearly decreased competing vegetation cover on two of four sites and reduced fluctuations in soil temperature on all sites.
