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Burrowing bivalve mollusks, such as clams, use the contract anchor extend locomotor mode.
It is here tested whether this aberrant locomotor mode is reflected in the three-dimensional (3D) intramuscular architecture of the dorsovertebral muscles of the two-toed sloth.
The evolution of this locomotor mode lead to a loss of asymmetrical gaits and thus a reduced necessity of powerful extension of the spine in the sagittal plane.
The agreement of architectural properties with in vivo function documented in this study further characterizes the specific functional morphology of sloths, but also suggests a close relationship of back muscle architectural properties with locomotor mode of mammals in general.
We identified four species that differ in preferred locomotor mode and hence joint range of motion (Lithobates catesbeianus, Rhinella marina, Xenopus laevis and Kassina senegalensis) and hypothesized that smaller in vivo angles (more flexed) at the knee and ankle joint would be associated with more compliant extensor muscles.
We divide locomotor mode into two major categories, quadruped and biped.
Similar(40)
The basic structure of the vertebral column is comparable throughout the Mammalia, although in many instances modifications have occurred in specialized locomotor modes to gain particular mechanical advantages.
Implications for the evolution of new locomotor modes in primates are discussed.
All locomotor modes used in this analysis are terrestrial in nature.
Climbing and hopping are the two slowest locomotor modes used when foraging.
To determine whether Alticus moved on land using distinct locomotor modes, 11 kinematic variables were quantified.
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