In small crouched animals energy savings from spring and pendular mechanisms are inconsequential and thus the metabolic cost of locomotion is driven by muscle activation costs.
In cortical interneurons, leading process dynamics and, accordingly, cell polarity and directionality most likely rely on a microtubule network (Baudoin et al. 2008), while nuclear translocation toward the selected leading process and, consequently, locomotion are primarily driven by actomyosin forces applied to the rear of the nucleus (Bellion et al. 2005; Martini and Valdeolmillos 2010).
Mossy fiber boutons can also exhibit dramatic increases in spiking driven by locomotion, which drives high-frequency bursts of EPSCs in granule cells, associated with a large glutamate spillover component that enhances spike output during locomotion.
Our voltage clamp experiments reveal that the locomotion-evoked spiking is driven by a significant increase in excitatory synaptic input to the granule cells, which is paralleled by an increase in spiking in mossy fibers, as shown by direct recordings from mossy fiber boutons.
In an effort to mimic the process of obstacle avoidance behavior of human locomotion (or that of automobiles driven by human response), a combination of basic reflex actions and higher level logical decisions is implemented.
Given the important respiratory function of the UP, variation in morphology suggests that differences in ventilatory mechanics may be driven by adaptation to locomotion.
Crucially, the rib cage, sternal morphology and associated musculature, appear to be driven by adaptations to different forms of locomotion.
While migration of H. pylori-infected cells is driven by rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, motile cells fail to release their back ends during cell locomotion.
The relationship between EDS and lean muscle mass for locomotion varied by sex (fully-adjusted interaction p = 0.05) and race/ethnicity (fully-adjusted interaction p = 0.19), which was driven by the difference comparing the results between White and Chinese participants (fully-adjusted interaction p = 0.04).
A two-way linear actuator mechanism driven by SMA springs is proposed by Kim et al. (2005) [ 30] for the purpose of locomotion in capsule-type endoscopes.
