The ACPA's contract expired at the end of March, but reports indicate that the union and the airline are not considering strikes or lockouts at the moment.
As a result, India is seeing far less industrial action than it used to: for example, there were only 285 strikes and lockouts last year, compared with 674 in 2001.
Another way of regulating rates of pay is a by-product of arbitration systems set up originally as a means of avoiding strikes and lockouts.
Strikes and lockouts grew to crisis proportions by the last year of the war.
In the United States, lockouts became a common tactic by employers in the 1880s and '90s, when unions of silver and lead miners in Nevada, Colorado, Idaho, and Utah were fighting for an eight-hour day and higher pay.
Strikes and lockouts became illegal, and wages fell between 1927 and 1934, but the syndicates had considerable political influence.
This suited the sour command of their chief executive, the league commissioner, Gary Bettman, who has now presided over three debilitating lockouts and thousands of cancelled games.
E-mail address GO SIGN UP Share Tweet 2. The lockouts.
This was during the so-called clutch-and-grab era that fell between the N.H.L. lockouts of 1994 and 2004.
But 2011 wasn't an ordinary year, on or off the playing field, from the Arab Spring to Occupy USA, to the lockouts in the N.B.A. and the N.F.L., which had the effect of forcing athletes out of their SportsCenter comfort zone and into talking about the real world.
There were management-led lockouts in 1969 and again in 1980, leading to truncated seasons and a disastrous plunge in ticket revenue.
