Thus, the locus of selection and degree of task relevance might determine where and when in the processing hierarchy the gain modulation of prediction errors occurs.
(23 Equation 23 subsumes the effect on locus C of selection at loci A and B. It can be generalized to an arbitrary number of selected loci.
The moderate number of parallel allelic trends likely reflects that many of the candidate loci we identified, are linked with varying degrees of physical proximity to loci under disruptive natural selection, rather than being the target loci of disruptive selection themselves [ 13, 61].
Thus, genome-wide scans for signatures of diversifying selection relative to Asian boars would detect the loci of directional selection in the European domesticated breeds.
Interestingly, just the opposite holds in model (1) if, instead of initial variance in fitness, the per-locus strength of selection is fixed regardless of the number of loci.
Our findings show, however, that this initial enhancement tends to be far too small to compensate for weakened per locus strength of selection if the effects of fitness are divided among more and more loci.
Only a few loci showed footprints of selection, and these loci were located in different linkage groups among the different wild population/hatchery strain comparisons.
In QTL mapping studies as well as in analyses of detection of loci under selection in genome-wide scans, hundreds or thousands of markers are used with the aim of finding markers associated to the loci of interest.
Differences in adaptation between sexual and clonal populations increase markedly with the number of loci under selection, the rate of mutation in the host, and a rapidly evolving environment.
Our results also highlight the importance of extending current methods for the detection of loci under selection with complementary methods accounting for more realistic patterns of adaptive genetic variation in natural populations such as nonlinear patterns and interaction effects.
On the other hand, the identification and exclusion of loci under selection is necessary to avoid biased estimates of other genetic parameters such as demographic factors and historical bottlenecks.
