Hence, while the associated serotypes are not known for all the cps loci, exchange of these loci within CG258 can be assumed to result in phenotypic capsule switching.
This may be reduced to 9316 after accounting for the obvious symmetries (exchange the two haplotypes in each individual and exchange the two individuals) and then to 700 diplotype states after accounting for the less obvious symmetries (exchange the two loci, exchange alleles A and B, exchange alleles C and D, and exchange both A for C and B for D).
Note, that a successful recombination into the tk locus exchanges the parental RFP for GFP of the recombinant (Gilbert, unpublished).
For example in Fig. 4, parent chromosomes consist of 111010011 and 010111 001, the crossover method randomly chooses loci for exchanging between parents to create offspring with 11101 1001 and 01011 0011 [ 48– 51].
In some well-studied cases, backcrossing occurs in the field and fertile backcrosses have been verified in insectaries, which indicates that introgression is likely, and recent molecular work shows that alleles at some but not all loci are exchanged between pairs of sympatric, hybridizing species.
With a recombination rate of 0.6% between the centromere and Adh, alleles at this locus are exchanged between fused and unfused chromosomal arrangements approximately once every 2,900 female generations.
This finding is in contrast to, e.g., Magnaporthe grisea or Neurospora crassa, where strains in which the MAT locus was exchanged were fertile in crossings with the respective parental strains [ 16, 17].
We were unable to assign alleles to an individual locus as interlocus exchange is known to occur at MHC loci [48].
The veering phenomenon of natural frequency loci and mode exchanges are investigated for different positions of the springs and various values of the spring stiffness.
A key feature of our future university research tracking and evaluation system will be a current research information system that may become the central locus for information exchange between these varied systems (the repository, ORCID, PlumX, etc).
The orange arrows highlight loci of carbon (CO2) exchange and transfer, such as via photosynthesis and respiration, including examples of human influences on carbon cycle processes.
