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Details about the establishment, sampling and phenotyping of the mapping pedigree and association populations are given in Additional file 2. Although overlap in genotypes was observed across multiple locations, differences in age at sampling represented an additional variable with significant contribution in phenotypic expression.
ORs are presented for standardized (between the two study locations) differences (approximating interquartile range differences in the two locations) in estimated exposures of 3 μg/m for PM2.5, 0.5 × 10−5/m for particle light absorbance [corresponding to ~ 0.5 μg/m elemental carbon, based on colocated sampling (Cyrys et al. 2003)], and 10 μg/m for NO2.
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Spot calibration in accordance with protein chemo-physical coordinates (isoelectric point, pI; relative molecular mass, Mr enabled the correction of spot location differences between differing gels.
The linear transformations lead to a registration accuracy of ± 5 pixels, where the location differences are oriented in different directions across the field of view.
If characteristic differences successfully explain migrant group location differences the counterfactual should be both substantially different from actual immigrant outcomes and more like interprovincial migrant location outcomes.
In addition locations differ in the distribution of factors so there are also inter-location differences, stressing the role of individual heterogeneity in line with Borjas (1999) and Ekeland et al ( 2004).
This generates intra-location differences.
The paper asked whether migrant group characteristic differences could explain location differences.
Thus within location utility differences largely result from luck but between location differences from more deterministic heterogeneity in location and individual characteristics.
A low immigrant vs. counterfactual DDI will imply that migrant characteristic differences explain little of observed location differences.
A comparison of actual immigrant locations with the counterfactuals gives some idea of the role of characteristics in explaining location differences.
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