For example, a tumour with a highly localised cluster of dense vascularisation could have an overall vascular density equal to that of a tumour having a reduced but homogeneous distribution of vessels.
Similarly, although intrauterine growth patterns are thought to influence childhood cancer rates (O'Neill et al, 2012), there is no reason to believe that the general increase in average birthweight or proportion of babies with high birthweight, could account for a localised cluster and subsequent decline in rates.
Through comparison with reference genomes, the Lineage 5 core genome (Lineage 5 cgMLST) was defined and compared between isolates revealing three distinct clusters of isolates grouping by PorA type within which small localised clusters were also visible.
The reconstruction problem is typically severely under-determined due to the number and location of measurements, but in certain cases the molecules or cells of interest form localised clusters, resulting in a distribution of luminophores that is spatially sparse.
The importance of network properties is also seen in the daily oscillation of circadian gene expression in the SCN, which involves sequential activation of regionally localised clusters of cells, rather than a single simultaneous oscillation of the nucleus as a whole (Quintero et al., 2003; Abraham et al., 2010; Foley et al., 2011; Fukuda et al., 2011; Hong et al., 2012; Myung et al., 2012).
The TH+ cells shared features with the overall early glucagon population: they showed little co-localisation with PDX1 [ 9, 19] (Fig. 1c); they localised in clusters within regions of the pancreatic epithelium with low E-cadherin expression [ 27] (Fig. 1d); and rarely incorporated the mitotic marker BrdU (∼6%; Fig. 1e).
Prior to DP determination, localised fibre clusters and other impurities (e.g. remains of bark) were removed from some samples in order to improve dissolution.
A recent report indicates that phospho-β-catenin is also localised in clusters at microtubule ends in endothelial cells and that CK1- and GSK3β-mediated phosphorylation of APC, but not β-catenin, appears to promote cell migration in a process that is independent of β-catenin-mediated transcription [24].
Together with other such families reported with multiple linkage signals, this may reflect localised familial clustering of risk alleles from a pool of many candidate loci.
The smaller groupings were typically localised and clustered by same service type rather than across the health and social care sectors as a whole.
As shown in Figures 3.1 and 3.2, the least polymorphic OR genes were preferentially localised in small clusters (median cluster size 4.5 OR genes) and the highly polymorphic OR genes, in large clusters (median cluster size 240 OR genes).
