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LBP presented by Ojala et al. [7] is a greyscale texture descriptor that extracts the local spatial structure of an image.
The local binary pattern (LBP) is a non-parametric operator which describes the local spatial structure of an image [12, 41].
In their work, the oriented mean and standard deviation of the local absolute difference are taken into account in order to make the matching more robust against local spatial structure changes.
As mentioned before, the ISAR image represents the local spatial structure and energy-assembling characteristic of the target scattering field, which means that neighboring components tend to be large or small simultaneously.
Thus, even though local spatial structure is retained, large‐scale spatial structure is not.
Local spatial structure promotes cooperation in the model as it maintains a high level of cooperation even with high costs for both hunting and defence.
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This method summarizes both the spatial structure and the genetic diversity among individuals, thus enabling global and local spatial structures to be differentiated.
Such tools typically predict certain local sequence property, spatial structure or function of a query sequence.
However, as predictions of local sequence properties, spatial structure and function are usually interconnected, more accurate conclusions can be derived by addressing these questions together.
Computational sequence analysis, that is, prediction of local sequence properties, homologs, spatial structure and function from the sequence of a protein, offers an efficient way to obtain needed information about proteins under study.
The high precision rate by the census transform is attributed to its ability to capture the spatial structure of local windows using the encoded bit strings.
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