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In the case of tumour headache, these mechanisms might be mechanical or local paracrine processes.
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This process, termed 'branching morphogenesis', is regulated by endocrine hormones and local paracrine interaction between the developing epithelial ducts and their adjacent mesen-chymal stroma.
These are difficult to assess in vivo due to the small size of the embryo exerting local paracrine effects.
Similar to a systemic endocrine mechanism, local paracrine mechanisms have also been discussed.
These mediators are secreted into the lamina propria where they may have either local paracrine effects or, via blood, endocrine effects.
Thus the IL-10 produced by B-1a cells can have both autocrine and local paracrine effects.
Also, endothelial cells were postulated to be an alternative source of kisspeptin, possibly contributing to circulating plasma levels or acting in a local paracrine fashion.
These advances will then serve to set up an effective tool to support the defective paracrine processes in the ischemic tissues.
Fgf16 acts as a local paracrine signaling molecule.
Hormones temporally regulate postnatal development of the mammary gland, but their actions are relayed spatially by local paracrine factors.
These include increased blood flow and therefore tissue oxygenation [16], [17], local muscular contraction and the release of endocrine and local paracrine factors [18], [19], [20].
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