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In this review we consolidate evidence for how biotic interactions shape species distributions beyond local extents and review methods for integrating biotic interactions into species distribution modelling tools.
It is already well accepted that biotic interactions shape species' spatial distributions at local spatial extents, but the role of these interactions beyond local extents (e.g. 10 km to global extents) are usually dismissed as unimportant.
Pearson & Dawson (2003) proposed a conceptual framework in which biotic interactions are expected to play a role in shaping species distributions only over local extents while other factors, such as climate, play a role at broader spatial extents, but not more locally.
Evidence for how biotic interactions shape species distributions beyond local extents can be found in contemporary and palaeoecological studies of individual species ranges, functional groups, and species richness patterns (e.g. Maran & Henttonen, 1995; MacFadden, 2006; Kissling, Rahbek & Böhning-Gaese, 2007; and many more examples below).
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Therefore one of the first determinations to be made is whether the tumor is localized, its local extent, and also if there is evidence of intra- or extra-abdominal metastatic spread of tumor.
The amount of cooling varies between hydrocarbon fields as it is dependent on the local extent of exhumation during basin uplift.
Slight changes of mean wind direction in other data samples result in the absence of the spectral peak, suggesting the very local extent of tip vortices.
A computational model for investigating the local extent and the through-the-thickness position of the damage induced by low velocity impacts on laminated composites is presented, which is based on a refined 3D zig-zag approach.
In order to reduce the effects of local topography, we further analyze these data by numerically extracting the local frequency of the A1g vibrational mode, which is sensitive to the local extent of lithiation, and producing spatial maps of the local frequency of the A1g mode.
To evaluate the local extent of the tumour, before or perhaps also during/after preoperative treatment.
Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging may be helpful in selected patients with potentially resectable disease to further examine the local extent of tumor.
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