First, a penalty factor is introduced in order to force the local divergence free condition of the magnetic fields.
The key feature of our solver is a consistent penalty term reducing the local divergence error in order to overcome recently reported instabilities in spatially under-resolved high-Reynolds-number flows as well as small time steps.
Ken Weiss emphasized this in a discussion of the importance of niche construction and behavior-driven evolution when he concluded that "local divergence can be achieved by behavioral sorting by which organisms find or modify local niches according to their abilities, but this need not involve fitness differences nor even be based on genetic inheritance" (Weiss 2004, p. 203).
The local divergence measure was employed by the computation of the Lagrangian Coherent Structures (LCSs), revealing the general organization of the flow according to the obtained separatrices, while the global Lyapunov exponents were used to characterize the attractors obtained under one or more bifurcation parameters.
It is, among other things, shown that for cases in which a field component is discontinuous along a grid line, as happens at general two- and three-dimensional material interfaces, the Yee scheme may exhibit local divergence and loss of global convergence.
Any local divergence from uniformity indicates that this particular part of the stimulus (in space-time) was particularly important for the task at hand.
However, this would be under the assumption that the bias is mainly due to local divergence, not to posterior long-distance geneflow or introgression from wild relatives.
We used these three sympatric congeneric species because they present detectable variations in herbivory, habitat distribution and abundance variables that may potentially lead to local divergence in response.
We build up evidence through a series of techniques that test for determinism, quantify linear and nonlinear components, and measure the local divergence of the system.
