Although population genetic structure and geographic differentiation have been reported for many bird species with insular distributions, high vagility typically results in high levels of gene flow and thus little local differentiation among continental populations.
This relationship with vegetation combined with the preferential entrainment of silt sized particles could, over time, make willy-willies a potent mechanism for the local differentiation of surface textures.
We propose that the pattern of distribution of haplotype diversity in the C. mendocinus species complex corresponds to a scenario of mild local differentiation with subsequent expansion to the current distribution ranges.
Although the details are still incomplete, the emerging evidence indicates that a molecular dialogue between myelinating glial cells and axons results in the local differentiation of their complementary cellular domains.
Therefore, further studies are required to determine whether the implanted TEC contributed to cartilage repair directly by local differentiation to chondrocytes or indirectly via release of mediators which enhance repair by activation of endogenous chondrocytes or activation and differentiation of other cells in the intra-articular environment.
Ubiquitous application of modern information and communication technology (ICT) for shaping responsible global citizenship by knowledge transfer can expand learning and teaching productivity by magnitudes, can strengthen the leverage of help for self-help, can enable initiative and creativity for entrepreneurial approaches in the global village without losing local differentiation.
These changes appear to occur via reduced local differentiation rather than impaired homing.
These patterns are consistent with single, relatively recent introductions followed by widespread dispersal, ecological establishment, and local differentiation.
Although the precise characterization of Activin A-responsive dermal LC precursors is beyond the aim of the present study, these results clearly document that Activin A can induce the local differentiation of dermal LC precursors.
This is similar to a study showing that treatment with vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) upregulates Foxp3 in the pancreas, and restores tolerance by promoting the local differentiation and function of regulatory T cells [41].
