Yet, it seems that despite benefits that PAN Parks promises for local development, it benefits different local groups differently, and cannot be viewed as all-encompassing solutions to contradictions between conservation and development, not to mention dilemmas between conservation of wildlife and pastoral development (Sarkki et al.In press).
We further discuss how control options might be developed that deliver a range of international to local economic and development benefits, while protecting the continent's wildlife and natural resources.
But the Indians, other traditional communities and ecologists have long argued that real development benefits local communities and biodiversity, instead of destroying them.
Today's report remarks that: "Instead of development benefits, local communities have endured displacement, loss of livelihoods, fear, violence, criminalization and repression".
This study explores local people's attitudes towards urban planning, and the effects of development benefits on local support for planning in Kumasi, Ghana.
Although the presence of research parks is correlated with the number of laboratories, the analysis indicates that research parks were not effective local development tools but instead benefitted from the growth of research activity.
Direct payments for the protection of biodiversity (a type of payment for environmental services) have been proposed as an effective tool for delivering conservation outcomes, in a way that also delivers development benefits to local people.
Finally, cultural heritage is now considered a highly effective tourist resource, and the official recognition of "food culture" (production landscapes, food, dishes, wines and drinks, tourist routes, industries) is taking place in the context of tourism and its benefits for local development.
There appears to be correlation between development benefits obtained by local people from urban planning, and support for urban planning, indicating that development benefits impact people's attitudes towards urban planning.
But, "Once people decide to migrate, benefits can occur for local development — that's the point," he said.
