Still, his own business dealings in recent years — roles that include consultant and investor — extend beyond lobbying and illustrate the limits of the guidelines in defining what it means to be selling expertise and helping to provide access.
Alan Andrews, for ClientEarth, told BBC News: "It's a disgrace that we won't achieve compliance by 2020 or 2025 – and it's made worse that the British government is lobbying to weaken the limits because it claims they are unrealistic".
He mentioned the Foundation's creation last month of Heritage Action for America, a political lobbying arm unconstrained by the limits imposed on nonprofits, as part of the shift from analysis to lobbying.
The industry is lobbying to eliminate the limit, so that it can compete with factories in Brazil and Germany, where the rate is nearer 200 bpm.
Koukash has, for the past few weeks, been lobbying to lift the limit that a club can spend on players to something nearer £2.5m.
The National Association of Realtors, which opposed lowering the limits, spent $17.6 million lobbying Congress last year, according to the Center for Responsive Politics.
The Obama team has breezily cut backroom deals with the pharmaceutical industry and the hospital lobby to limit cost reductions for the public.
Use of the lobby is limited to academic-related activities only.
During the 1999 legislative session, Mr. Bush lobbied to limit the coverage levels for the federal CHIP program to children with family incomes of 150percentt of the poverty line, though the federal law allowed coverage of up to 200percentt of poverty.
In 1998, it successfully lobbied Congress to increase the limit for the values of the houses that can be insured by the Federal Housing Administration, a change that Fannie Mae opposed.
