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Athletes participating in sports characterized by specific loading modalities have exhibited different levels of augmentation of bone properties; however, the extent to which these loading environments affect bone micro-architecture and estimated bone strength (i.e. bone quality) remains unclear.
While such engineered constructs can replicate native tissue structure and uniaxial tensile properties, the multidirectional loading encountered by these tissues in vivo necessitates that they function adequately in other loading modalities as well, including shear.
To promote the development of tissue engineered cartilage which closely matches the long term functionality of native tissue, bioreactors have been developed to provide a combination of loading modalities, which reflect the nature of normal physiological loads.
Limitations are related to species, the skeletal characteristics of animals and their peculiar loading modalities [ 61].
Our observations are consistent with some of the previous studies using other loading modalities such as tibia bending [ 29- 31], ulna axial loading [ 32], and loading with a spring device [ 17], although strain distributions are different among loading modalities.
In comparison in exercise models it is usually neither measured nor controlled and includes diverse loading modalities [14], [15].
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Using a mouse femur in response to a knee loading modality as a model system, we determined 3D strain distributions and discussed effectiveness and limitations of the described system.
Unlike a spring loading device [ 17], hip loading with insertion of a pair of wires [ 18], or femoral vein ligation [ 19], the described knee loading modality is non-invasive.
To minimize differences in working memory load between stimulus modalities, pictures within each pair were presented sequentially with the same inter-stimulus interval as the sound pairs.
To minimize differences in working memory load between stimulus modalities, rectangles within each pair were presented sequentially with the same inter-stimulus interval as the sound pairs.
Future research may determine whether these effects can extend to other measures of distraction for example, attentional capture by singleton items during search (e.g., Lavie & De Fockert, 2005; Theeuwes & Burger, 1998) or attentional capture by entirely irrelevant distractors (e.g., Forster & Lavie, 2008a, 2008b)—and to loading maintenance in other modalities.
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