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The structure essentially acts as its own load transducer.
Indentation tests were carried out using an axisymmetric probe tack device, consisting of a piezoelectric stepping motor connected in parallel to a load transducer attached to a flat cylindrical indenter with a radius (R) of 0.59 mm.
Patellar compressive and shear forces were also recorded using a patellar component instrumented with a custom triaxial load transducer.
The objectives were (A) to introduce an apparatus using a three-dimensional load transducer, (B) to present a range of derived information relevant to clinicians, (C) to report on the outcomes of a pilot study and (D) to compare the measurements from the transducer with those from the current method using a weighing scale.
Fig. 1 Modular axial load transducer components.
Fig. 3 Experimental set-up of the in-vitro radius model with interposed axial load transducer.
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Although this misalignment was accounted for, and was constant throughout testing, it may interact with the load transducers off-axis measurement error to produce a non-linear response, contributing to the larger differences observed at these two positions.
Moreover, the elimination of the load weight transducer causes issues to some handling devices that need weight measurements to attach and detach the load.
Two feedback control models are proposed and one is used to obtain expressions for predicting the change in harmonic amplitudes of displacement and acceleration as functions of frequency and parameters for the controller, load, and transducer.
To assess biceps flexion isometric strength, the arm was positioned at a 90° angle with the curl bar attached to a load cell (Transducer Technologies, Inc., Whittier, CA, USA).
Multi-physics simulations were conducted to evaluate energy outputs using different lead zirconate titanate materials, loading magnitudes, transducer types, and geometry parameters.
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