The stresses under a sustained load are induced by strain incompatibilities between the components at the mesoscale.
Two levels of sustained axial compression load were induced in the chord, representing 45% and 80% of its full axial capacity, in addition to control specimens without axial loads.
More than that, significant degenerative changes were observed only in experimental groups, which implied that abnormal mechanical load was induced by the present disordered occlusion [ 28- 30].
Since we could not demonstrate that an increased fitness load was induced by the elevated mutation rate, this means we cannot effectively evaluate the function of sex with regard to mutation clearance in this permissive environment.
In these systems, cyclic loading is induced by repeated start-ups, firings, and shut-down ramps.
The loading is induced by expanding segments, which are placed inside a cladding tube, radially to simulate cracked fuel that expands thermally.
In this way, mode II crack loading is induced (it should be noted that similar beam configuration has been used to study mode II delamination fracture in laminated composites (Mladensky and Rizov 2013)).
Briefly, purified GDP-loaded Arfs (0.5 μM) were incubated at 37 °C in the presence or absence of liposomes (final concn. 0.1 mg/ml Folch lipids) and HKM buffer (50 mM Hepes, pH 7.2, 120 mM potassium acetate and 1 mM MgCl2) and loading was induced by sequential addition of 1 mM GTP and 2 mM EDTA.
