In the fetal liver, we also observed an increase in the exogenous miRNA level (Fig. 1D).
In order to address the possibility that differing epitopes were only targeted in the liver, we also used four peptide pools that previously were shown to target a majority of responses.
In addition to the regulation of ADH1 by Smad7 in the liver, we also found that ethanol treatment and Smad7 deletion had evident effects on the expression of a series of genes involved in lipogenesis and inflammatory response (Figure 7).
In liver we also found an increase in Il1rn (P = 0.03, Fig. S3A) and a decrease of Il6 and Il1b in uninfected HFD-fed mice (P≤0.001, Fig. S3C and D), while there was no difference in spleen of uninfected mice (Fig. S4A E).
In addition to the differences observed in liver, we also found that DNA methylation changes occurred in the pancreas.
As xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are mainly expressed in the liver, we also analyzed a pool of mRNA from three normal human livers (Clontech, Palo Alto, CA, USA) in order to compare mRNA levels between normal breast and liver tissues.
In the liver, we also can observe an elevated level of Apod (apolipoprotein D) transcript, the expression of which is induced by retinoic acid and which has been reported to participate in tumorigenesis [ 41].
By injecting cells in the spleen rather than directly into the mouse liver, we also hoped to avoid the potentially confounding contributions to xenograft vasculature from human ECs isolated along with bulk tumor cells from enzymatically digested HCC specimens.
In addition, since almost all HCC in France occurs on cirrhotic liver, we also considered a control group of patients with cirrhosis to investigate whether these polymorphisms were risk factors for the transformation from cirrhosis to carcinoma.
Since we note that the highest signal detected by the Mup1 probe are in liver, we also examined whether the level of these transcript was reduced in the liver of ob/ob, has we had previously found for SC and RP adipose tissue in such mice.
