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This study is the first to quantify geographic variation in Scottish red deer liver element concentrations; the drivers of which remain to be explored (and may be management related), and, the consequence of which may affect sub-clinical health.
The primary objective of this study was therefore to survey wild red deer liver element concentrations across a range of geographically distinct populations during the Scottish red deer stalking season; and, in so doing, establishes element reference ranges while also exploring geographic and temporal variation and physiological factors.
In general, liver function data are evaluated with a blood test, which includes a "whole liver" element.
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They identified a 435 base pairs (bp) region with two distinct liver regulatory elements in the liver-basic fatty acid-binding protein (fabp10a) gene, which is sufficient to modulate liver regional expression in transgenic zebrafish [ 47].
Interactions between elements within liver, and differences in element profiles between estates, were explored by principal component analysis.
Conventionalization of germ-free mice promoted absorption of monosaccharaides and short chain fatty acids by fermentation and thus increased de novo hepatic lipogenesis and fat storage, by increasing liver carbohydrate response element binding protein (ChREBP) mRNA and regulating lipoprotein lipase activity [ 11].
Both nuclear receptors are known to function as obligate heterodimers with retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) and bind specific DNA sequences [peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) and liver X receptor response elements (LXREs)] in their target genes.
A search for liver specific response elements in the 1000 bases upstream of exons 1A and 1B now revealed that exon 1B is preceded by an apparently canonical liver-specific promoter, while no liver response elements were found closer than 900 bases upstream of exon 1A (Fig. 4A).
As the hCMV enhancer/AFP-promoter combination achieved highest activity of all liver specific promoter elements tested, it was selected for the further experiments.
It is noteworthy that inflammatory processes in SLE involve not only vessel wall, skin, and serous membranes, but also joints, kidneys, liver, blood morphological elements, and various neuropsychiatric presentations [ 102].
In the liver, cyclic AMP response element binding protein hepatocyte is thought to reside in the ER membrane but is released upon ER stress to activate acute-phase genes.
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