This SDG would consider several landscape targets, like livelihood provision, sustained ecosystem services, control of pollution (especially carbon emissions, the central cause of climate change), resource efficiency and the production of food and non-food products – all benefits that forests provide or play a role in providing.
On the other hand, the less poor and better-off households diversify their livelihood to sustain and increase their wealth.
Management of ecosystem services refers to the management of 'areas of various scales in such a way that ecosystem services and biological resources are preserved, while appropriate human uses and options for livelihood are sustained' (Brussard et al. 1998 10).
Woodlands sustain livelihoods, support local businesses and contribute to the greening of our national economy.
This provides a basis for management of individual groundwater scheme in sustaining livelihood activities or implications of policies and to develop a plan for potential groundwater extraction scenarios pertaining to water use and allocation.
Although timber products are highly valued worldwide, the NTFPs which play an important role in sustaining livelihoods of communities living around forest areas, but have been given minimum attention.
Agriculturisation has implied an undeniable increase of commodity production (i.e. soybean) and economic benefits at the expense of a significant loss of natural environments and changes in the rural livelihoods that sustain CES.
Prior to cyclone Pam Emae livelihoods were sustained through fisheries (50%), agriculture (30%), and livestock (20%), while a key informant stated that: After the cyclone [Pam], this time we live off 90% fisheries, and also 5% agriculture, and also another 5% from livestock.
But ecosystem rehabilitation is a crucial complement, and key to sustaining livelihoods.
For Vunidogoloa village, relocation was their option of last resort as a means of sustaining livelihoods in the long-term.
In this region, the sharing of waters between countries adds a critical dimension to decision making about producing food and energy, maintaining vital ecosystems, and sustaining livelihoods.
