There are significant differences between these ethnic groups, both at a macro-scale (religion, philosophy, language, history of regional settlement) and at a micro-scale (livelihood, way of animal herding, style of house and costume; Saruul 2011).
Moreover, reduced access to freshwater will lead to a cascading set of consequences, including impaired food production, the loss of livelihood security, large-scale migration within and across borders, and increased economic and geopolitical tensions and instabilities.
While the predominant trend has turned to staples produced by industrial agriculture to boost per capita energy consumption, this strategy threatens biodiversity, the livelihoods of small scale farmers and diet quality.
At the household scale, diverse livelihood portfolios are generally seen as a source of resilience in the face of adverse trends or sudden shocks [2], [3], [49], [50].
They provide vital ecosystem benefits on a local, regional, and global scale including livelihood products (e.g., timber and non-timber products) (Meijaard et al. 2013); cultural services (e.g., nature recreation) (Hernández-Morcillo et al. 2013; Plieninger et al. 2013); and regulating services (e.g., storage of vast amounts of carbon stock) (Paoli et al. 2010; Leh et al. 2013).
In short, it means decentralization, localness in size and scale, in livelihoods.
Ecologically, this zone is also the most productive, and the mainstay of economic livelihoods on a global scale.
We operationalized the framework of change with data gathered from 134 households in Ancoraimes (Bolivian Altiplano) to identify attributes that could enable or constraint agritourism development at five intervention scales: production, livelihood, community/watershed, landscape/ecosystem, and government.
In order to measure the impact of adaptation options (soil and water conservation, agronomic practices, livelihood diversification, and small-scale irrigation) in response to climate change and variability, this research used Propensity score matching technique.
We argue that to get a better understanding of these drivers, and to incorporate them into planning and implementation, a landscape approach that pays close attention to ecosystem services and livelihoods on a broader scale is necessary.
