Overall, the paper demonstrates that the project contributes to transforming local livelihoods and institutions, unfortunately not always as originally designed.
Altering the scale, and the style, of governance has inevitable consequences for power structures, institutions, livelihoods, and physical landscapes.
This paper applies an analytical framework focused on adaptation, institutions, and livelihoods to study climate adaptation in the Mongolian grasslands.
The analysis explores local responses to climate shocks, food security and poverty reduction, through informal institutions, forms of livelihood diversification and collective land-use systems that allow reciprocity, flexibility and the ability to buffer shocks.
In terms of increasing vulnerability, when sedentarisation has been led by the state or forced upon pastoralists through land grabbing or drought, this has reduced land rights, eroded customary institutions and harmed livelihoods (López-i-Gelats et al. 2016; Schmidt and Pearson 2016).
Philosophy becomes an increasingly specialized discipline, pursued by and for those whose livelihood is found only in educational institutions.
As such, institutions that support ecosystem services can be used as tools to help protect ecosystems and improve rural livelihoods by allowing smallholder farmers to generate income through providing valuable public goods.
However, the analysis shows that agricultural initiatives have helped to facilitate effective livelihood renewal, through the reorganisation of social institutions and opportunities for communication, innovation and micro-credit.
No matter how much bureaucratic institutions may dominate the livelihoods of most Americans, you may not wish to see their inner workings in your spare time.
In many countries in Africa, these pressures are compounded by disruption to institutions and variability in livelihoods and income.
