Farmers in the northeast lost 80percentt of their livestock, so they had to leave and find livelihoods elsewhere.
In 1994, Jifna experienced a wave of emigration, with about half of its population leaving the town to pursue better livelihoods elsewhere.
Migration occurs because it is perceived that a better life and livelihood exist elsewhere.
This is a result of the livelihood diversification strategies as identified elsewhere by Ellis (1999).
And without business opportunities, the young will go elsewhere to build their livelihoods.
Officials say this has enabled Chongqing to keep its business tax at 15%, compared with 25% elsewhere, and spend more on "people's livelihood".
(Although Salvador points out that, if those consumers also earned $15 an hour, we might not have that problem). If it makes the supply chain look elsewhere for green beans, it could jeopardize the livelihood of farmers and farmworkers alike.
"In Ghana and elsewhere in Africa, small-scale mining is a strategic livelihood alternative for rural communities, and it contributes tremendously to the local economy," said Wilbert Brentum, from Solidaridad, which works to improve safety standards and ethical practices in goldmining.
Flood waters remain in parts of Sindh, while elsewhere people are returning home to extensive damage to homes, livelihoods and services," said UNICEF Pakistan Deputy Representative Karen Allen.
Efforts to destroy crops only destroy peasant farmers' livelihoods and the environment, while the poppy fields and coca plants spring up elsewhere, with producers adapting to meet the demand.
