In areas where livelihood choices are limited, decreasing crops yield may lead to out migration.
This analysis demonstrates the importance of listening to narratives of place attachment and accounting for the cultural logics of livelihood choices when considering interventions to address human wildlife conflict.
The livelihood choices that Maasai face now are shaped by decades of such experiences, perceptions and stories, as well as by complex communal politics, making it hard to build trust and cooperation (West et al. 2006; Adams and Hutton 2007).
Although many programmes suggest economic opportunity as the major motivation behind livelihood choices and success of alternatives (Hilson and Banchirigah 2009), it may not be enough on its own.
A range of data was collected including migration histories; household composition; access to legal, social and health services; livelihood choices; social networks and linkages; food security, and interlinked health and development indicators.
Sometimes local government officials were sympathetic with swiddeners and did not enforce these laws, knowing that no viable alternative land-use practices or alternative income sources existed for them; people had few other livelihood choices (e.g. De Haan 1929, for South and East Borneo).
Similar considerations may be just as important in local smallholders' livelihoods choices.
Families that depended on coffee for all, or a substantial portion of their livelihood, had new choices that could help increase their economic security.
Other criticisms allege employers in settlements contribute to the legitimization of the occupation, restricting access to water and markets, and effectively robbing Palestinians of their livelihoods and their choice in where to work.
The number of income sources, distance to water source, education level of household head, Tropical livestock units (TLUs) held, durable index (a measure of physical asset ownership) and age of the household head influenced the choice of livelihood strategy, whether pastoral, agro-pastoral or off-farm.
