Also, with the notable exceptions of Johnson et al. (2012) and Schaller and Zerpa (2015), this evidence is based on cross-sectional data and consequently tells us very little about causality.
Thus, this study can provide only first approximations of risks and tell only a little about causality.
Prolactin has been implicated in promoting paternal care behaviors but little evidence of causality has been found to date except for birds and fish.
Elevated plasma levels of heparin-binding protein (HBP) are associated with risk of organ dysfunction and mortality in sepsis, but little is known about causality and mechanisms of action of HBP.
At the same time, to the best of our knowledge, there is very little contribution on the causality relationships between the above three variables that, as we argue, play a crucial role for economic policies that search to reconcile growth and a clean environment.
Fig. (1Div) and (1Eiv) show that in this case there is very little difference in the causality spectra obtained using the two methods.
Furthermore, there was little information on the causality and severity of AF/AFL, and the time interval from disease diagnosis to initiation of dronedarone therapy was variable.
In a letter to the editor of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, eight scientists on the EcoRisk panel wrote that Hayes's study had "little regard for assessment of causality," lacked statistical details, misused the term "dose," made vague and naïve references, and misspelled a word.
A powerful but little-used method to assess the causality of a proposed risk-modifying factor is to see whether it satisfies Hill's criteria for causality in a biological system.
On the empirical front, little is known about the direction of causality in the size-productivity nexus at the firm level.
