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Time to delivery of the first litter, litter parameters, maternal inflammation and histopathology of lung and liver were recorded.
To investigate this possible phenomenon, biological soil crusts dominated by either the moss Bryum argenteum or the lichen Diploschistes muscorum were covered with B. tectorum litter (litter treatment) or left uncovered (control treatment) and exposed to natural field conditions.
Epigeic earthworms are litter dwellers and in soils inhabit and transform fresh organic matter contained in forest litter, litter mounds and herbivore dungs, as well as man-made environments such as manure heaps.
A handful of studies reported that the dominant vegetation could influence soil properties [16], [17] and these species-specific effects may be caused by inter-specific differences in uptake and storage of nutrients in above-ground biomass, input of nutrients from litter, litter characteristics, microbial association or organic acid exudation [15].
Six male Beagle siblings from the same litter (litter size: 7 males, 4 females) were used in this longitudinal study.
We used data for each of the fetal end points and for adult testis weight to derive a mean value for each litter; litter means ± SE were then computed and used for statistical analyses.
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Inhabitants of Rapa Nui seem to have a better conduct in the coastal environment (picking up litter, littering less), and show more engagement in waste-reduction strategies (recycling, volunteering for beach clean-ups).
Basidiomycete decomposers of litter (litter-rots) have received less attention for their ability to breakdown lignocellulose, although they are known to act on partially degraded plant materials that are highly recalcitrant to enzymatic degradation [ 11].
The antioxidant diet decreased the frequency of litters, litter size, total number of offspring born and survival of male pups to weaning.
An assay to determine the reproductive performance was used to calculate the number of litters, litter size, litter interval, relative fecundity, and latency to first litter.
cGαo-/-, Gαofx/fx, and B6 females did not differ in litter size, average number of litters, litter interval, relative fecundity, or latency to first litter (ANOVA: F2,26 = 0.44 to 0.95, P = 0.40 to 0.65; Figure 3A-E).
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