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Principal Component Analysis (PCA) on compositional data and indicator items discerned two more pathways of beach litter, i.e. in situ litter from beach goers and wind and/or runoff transport of litter from land.
Subsequently, litter was pooled according to species and origin of leaf litter, i.e., urban and periurban tree locations, yielding ten pools in total.
A wide variety of organic carbon in soils range from freshly deposited litter, i.e. leaves, twigs, branches, etc. to highly decomposed forms, i.e. humus (Schumacher 2002).
Litter (i.e. standing dead leaf) N concentrations were unaffected by atmospheric CO2 concentration (Table 1 and see Supporting Information—Table S1 ).
Although initially included as predictor variables, the parameters body mass, litter size, number of litter (i.e. originating from a female's first or second), and ambient temperatures were eliminated in both models due to AICc reductions.
The potential confounding of treatment-related effects in RI studies by litter (i.e., genetic effects) has been raised, because the RI does not always randomize the assignment of animals to treatment groups but often "assigns litters to the same dose group and uses all animals, while keeping track of litter identification information" (Bucher 2002).
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They produced a total of 881 litters, i.e. 3.45 parities per F2 sow on average.
"One of the litters I found was a piece of chewing gum and as a designer I was completely amazed there was nothing actually being done to recycle it," she said.
Given the widespread corruption in the American legal system, which often treats white-collar crime like littering, I didn't see that one coming.
Due to between-litter variation (i.e., litter effects), the statistical assumption of independent observations is untenable.
Interestingly, this study demonstrated that independent of Breeding Protocol, there was a sizeable discrepancy between litter size (i.e. number of pups born) and litter maintenance (i.e. number of pups survived), indicating that all litters were subjected to early death via dam-mediated mechanisms such as cannibalisation or neglect.
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