Mr. Cassano's appearance before the presiding judge, Nicholas G. Garaufis, comes amid bitter litigation in which the city was found to have discriminated against minority candidates through the statistical effects of two prior entrance exams, in 1999 and 2002.
Litigation support staff were found to be continuously experimenting with alternative strategies for coding documents, engaged in reflecting on and redesigning their own work practices; work that was typically characterised in the law firm as 'routine' – and assumed to be a relatively unskilled, mindless activity – was found to involve considerable 'knowledge work' [ 22, 23].
The proposals also remove all legal aid funding for personal injury and clinical negligence cases, suggesting that the costs of litigation could be found from alternative means, including "no win, no fee" arrangements and legal insurance.
One measure of the litigation risk facing banks can be found in the latest quarterly report of JPMorgan Chase, a large American bank with an unusually open policy of disclosing its litigation risks.
However, bureaucratic decision-making, driven by risk and litigation averse policies and procedures were found to be dominant in midwifery decision-making in their every day work, not just emergencies [ 27, 28].
Flashes of his management style can be found in some earlier litigation as well.
But Dan Taylor, executive director of the National Audubon Societys California office, says more litigation may be inevitable unless a technological fix is found.
"Many of the problems with drugs have been found out only because of vigorous litigation," Mr. Vickery said.
Finally, the PAIR system will not specify whether a patent has been found invalid as a result of litigation.
The use of active coping strategies has been found to increase with stress from malpractice litigations [ 11] and with work-related stress due to racism [ 12].
