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The end of Reconstruction saw the rise of the secret ballot, which, by effectively introducing a literacy requirement, disenfranchised black men.
In 1921, for example, New York State adopted an English-language literacy requirement for voters that remained in force (and was enforced) for decades.
It rejected a Louisiana law which requires would-be voters to interpret any section of the federal or state constitutions and cleared the way for the federal government to bring a suit against the State of Mississippi which has a similar literacy requirement.
Meanwhile, the Kentucky Department of Education is drawing up standards for the high school financial literacy requirement.
The innovative environmental literacy requirement pioneered in Maryland has helped secure the integration of environmental content in varied ways across the curriculum from Kindergarten through to graduation.
These statements reveal that local leaders found it convenient to make their own choices using the literacy requirement as an excuse.
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For example, in terms of literacy requirements, 87% of CHW programs surveyed require literacy as the basic educational prerequisite of the program and 19% require a secondary school education for employment.
Integrated test tasks which require students to transform knowledge from sources are believed to represent a more authentic performance condition and reflect academic literacy requirements, than those independent writing tasks which require students to express their opinions based on previous knowledge (Cumming, 2013; Plakans, 2009).
That year, universal suffrage was granted with the abolition of literacy requirements.
According to their findings, size effect varies by gender, occupation, and industry group and is differentially mediated by internal labor markets, literacy requirements, and unionization.
As more states follow Florida's example and adopt high school level financial literacy requirements, I am hopeful that similar, positive successes seen at institutions of higher education will be replicated in applicable ways among students on the K-12 level.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com