But the first few hours of that listening effort offered some sobering advice.
Naturalness and appeal are more connected to aesthetics; whilst intelligibility and listening effort define the function.
The speech reception performance was characterized by using both the number of words correctly recognized (speech intelligibility, IS) and two estimates of listening effort: the behavioral measure of response time (RT) and a subjective judgement on a rating scale (LE).
Presenting your career as a story - especially one with a recurring chorus-like format - reduces the listening effort required by your interviewer, making you more likable.
Overall, the results indicated that increased listening effort had adverse effects on the cognitive measures.
Hearing aids have been shown to somewhat improve cognitive abilities and to reduce listening effort [ 13, 14].
They also reduce listening effort, improve communication, and so can reduce stress and anxiety that may be associated with hearing loss and are common to tinnitus (Surr et al. 1985; Carmen & Uram 2002).
There is also objective evidence that for some children with bilateral CIs, listening effort is reduced, suggesting that more attention can then be paid to the learning process (Hughes & Galvin 2013).
Panelists believed that hearing aids improve tinnitus by providing environmental sound enrichment, recalibrating auditory gain/central gain, reducing the concentration or listening effort needed to hear (strain to hear), reducing stress caused by hearing difficulties, and providing distraction from tinnitus (see Table 9 for levels of agreement).
Although this finding is contrary to the literature on speech perception, which demonstrates better performance in noise when the talker's face is visible, for individuals with normal hearing [ 94] and individuals with hearing impairment [ 95– 97], it is in line with other lines of evidence showing that visual cues may increase listening effort [ 98, 99].
