However, one may ask how these TMS findings may be reconciled with the fact that neither the fMRI results of our study nor those of Gazzola and co-workers [1] showed primary motor cortex activation when subjects listened to action-related sounds.
Mirror neurons may also be cross-modally activated by auditory stimulation, as demonstrated by single neuron recordings performed in monkey premotor cortex while the animal is listening to action-related sounds (e.g. the sound of pinprick peanuts [23]).
Conversely, there is also evidence for a functional link from the auditory system to the motor system: For instance, passive listening to action-related sounds such as the sound of ripping a sheet of paper activates a left-hemispheric temporo-parieto-premotor circuit that includes the supplementary motor area (SMA) and Broca's area.
Similarly, by 4 years of age, listening to actions words (verbs) activates motor areas in the brain, but listening to non-action words (nouns) does not (James & Maouene, 2009).
They need to feel able to raise the alarm and know that they will be listened to and action taken.
For example, processing verbally presented actions activates corresponding sectors of the motor system, depending on the effector (hand or foot) used in the listened-to action [6] [7].
Second, whether the United States strikes first or retaliates, Congressional leaders of both parties should be consulted and listened to before military action is taken.
Participants listened to sentences describing an action that involved an open hand, a closed hand, or no manual action.
"If people aren't listened to, they take direct action," he continued.
Civic organizations, especially churches and faith groups, often underestimate the resonance of their collective voice: their voice should be listened to as they demand action against poverty and youth unemployment.
Mirror neuron activity has been reported when listening to common action sounds [67] and to previously learned music [68].
