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The measurements show that hysteresis between the liquid intrusion and gas intrusion curves is significant.
A sample sandwich (hydrophilic membrane GDL hydrophobic membrane) is key for probing the entire hydrophilic and hydrophobic pore volume of the GDL during sequential liquid intrusion and gas intrusion experiments.
For example, both the Toray and fully wet-proofed Avcarb GDLs appear hydrophobic during most of the liquid intrusion curve and hydrophilic during most of the gas intrusion curve.
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The length of time required for this process varies depending on the thickness of the oxide layer and the extent of liquid metal intrusion into the channel, but in our tests was generally on the order of 4 to 5 seconds (recapillarity for the example shown in Figure 8 took approximately 2 seconds).
Mercury intrusion is based on the capillary law governing liquid invasion into small pores.
The intrusion distance of liquid into the beam lines was determined to be below 10% of the original jet thickness throughout the computational domain (up to 1 m downstream from the nozzle).
Gravity-driven infiltration of sulphide liquid out of the host igneous intrusion into country rock may be analogous to the behaviour of dense immiscible fluids in groundwater systems (Dense Non Aqueous Phase Liquids; DNAPL), which is controlled by the body force of the liquid itself.
A series of tests are performed including the semi-dynamic leaching tests using SAR as the extraction liquid, acid neutralization capacity (ANC), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) tests.
Intrusion of a bubble in the liquid flow drastically changes the local temperature profiles.
This enhancement is attributed to the intermittent intrusion of Taylor bubbles in the liquid flow which drastically changes the local fluid temperature profiles.
The relocated VT earthquakes are aligned on a near-vertical plane oriented NNW SSE, defining a near-vertical conduit related to the intrusion of hydrothermal fluids (steam, gases, and liquid water) into the craters (Fig. 4).
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