These data indicate that site 1 is critically involved in any DUB activity of the Josephin domain, and suggest an involvement of site 2 in specific linkage recognition or preference by the Josephin domain.
In the case of HA, amino acid 226 on the 220-loop and amino acid 190 on the 190-helix are known to interact with asialic parts of 3-linked and 6-linked receptors and to be primarily responsible for the linkage recognition (see reviews [ 28, 42]).
It will be important to analyse how UBDs and DUBs exploit the distinct features of Lys-linked polyUb to achieve linkage-selective recognition.
Although some lectins are known to mainly recognize α-mannose, fucose, and high mannose with a mixture of α- and β-linkages, the recognition of other lectins remains unknown [ 14].
This conformational selection mechanism at the quaternary level may be used by polyubiquitins of different lengths and linkages for target recognition.
Knowing that glucan polysaccharides can act as immunomodulators, we are broadening the repertoire of designer probes from glucomes to encompass all naturally occurring glucose linkages to study recognition by other carbohydrate-binding proteins of the immune system.
Because the cooperative allele is typically in linkage disequilibrium with common recognition alleles, this negative correlation between parental qualities simultaneously lessens the fitness gap between common and rare recognition alleles, and between the cooperative and non-cooperative alleles.
Thus, the recognition of the linkage between this SNP and of that in intron 2, especially with the C or G nucleotides co-segregating in both cases, may provide us with some clues to the regulation of the codon 72 SNP-specific expression, provided that the intron 2 SNP has transcription regulatory functions.
Moreover, recent studies have identified linkage-specific sequence motifs (family motifs) in each of the four known sialyltransferase families (ST3Gal, ST6Gal, ST6GalNAc and ST8Sia), that are probably involved in determining linkage specificity and acceptor monosaccharide recognition [ 13].
In addition, there is an emerging recognition that data linkage between existing data sets greatly facilitates investigations into many issues for which it is very difficult and/or expensive to obtain purpose-specific data [ 21, 22].
It was only after the 1960s that these linkages were identified, with the recognition that much of global technological progress was directed to meet the needs of the global rich, and was best-suited to operation in high-income environments.
