Insufficient understanding of manufacturing requirements "is one of the places where linkage [between industry and academia] fails," Willson said.
As an entity of Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, recognized as the leader in innovation and technology in Latin America, The coordination of graduate programs (COPPE) h andles 16 engineering courses, with a strong linkage with industry.
Within the Triple Helix model, it is necessary for the university to have direct established linkages with industry so as to allow for maximum industrialization of knowledge.
Linkages between industry and university have become crucial for knowledge discovery and driving industrialization within fast-paced global competition and technological evolution.
Value chain relationships, covering the upstream (backward) and downstream (forward) linkages between industry (and other) sectors and markets.
The linkages of industry to university become necessary not only for knowledge discovery but also for driving industrialization within fast-paced global competition and technological evolution (Bettis and Hitt 1995; Etzkowitz and Leydesdorff 1997; Hwang et al. 2003).
"What I've been focusing on as far as our skilling aspects are concerned is to encourage them to build more linkages with industry and business, because only then the relevance will come in, only then the contemporariness of the skilling will come in and we hope to do it fast," says Mr Raju.
Thus, who cares if a 'journo' discloses linkages to industry?
Of particular note is the Makerere University Private Sector Forum MUPSFF) which was established to create linkages between industry and the university.
The BIO-EARN project also has a commercialization component whose objective is to encourage linkages between industry and research: in 2008 grants were competitively awarded to six projects which relate to environmental, industrial and agricultural biotechnology to encourage developing their technologies into products with the help of industry [ 22].
Therefore, the differences between two estimates are related to the nature of the linkages between industries and can be measured by the indirect multiplier effects.
