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Fig. 6 Total Linkage Index in 2000 and 2011.

Figure 6 shows the total backward linkage index and the total forward linkage index in the year 2000 and the year 2011 (Miller and Blair 2009).

After the discrete treatment, the domestic and foreign trade linkage index is divided into four ranks.

In the figure, the white round dots indicate the total backward linkage index and the total forward linkage index of 2000, and the black square dots indicate those of 2011.

To test for non-independence between these five markers, the linkage index of Gaudeul et al. [ 33] was calculated between all pairs with intermediate band frequencies (0.25-0.75) within a given population.

Specifically, we calculated the linkage index of Gaudeul et al. [ 33] as 1 n ∑ i m k i – m k i where m ki and m li are the genotypes of individual i at locus k and l respectively, for all 52 pairs of outlier loci with intermediate AFLP band frequencies (i.e. 0.25-0.75) in a given drainage.

As shown in Fig. 3, the three housing price linkage indices of beta, correlation, and R-squared are positively relevant to cultural similarity.

Tounsi et al. (2012), found that the manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco products sector (with a backward and forward linkage indices of 1.389 and 1.091, respectively) is more integrated than the agriculture, hunting and forestry sector (with a backward and forward linkage indices of 0.996 and 1.449, respectively).

In this working dataset comprising 476 markers, linkage disequilibrium was low with only 0.72% and 1.90% of pairwise linkage indices > 0.95 and < 0.05, respectively.

For outlier AFLP loci with intermediate band frequencies within drainages (0.25-0.75), we calculated pairwise linkage indices [ 33] to investigate potential associations between markers.

Among the 52 linkage indices computed, around two thirds (67.3%) fell between 0.4 and 0.6, and the most extreme value observed was 0.2, suggesting limited linkage at least among some of these AFLP outliers.