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A question remains about whether functional linkage differences exist in syntenic and non-syntenic gene clusters.
While a good agreement was obtained for the dihedral angles along the CB glycosidic linkage, differences of up to 30° were observed for the BA linkage (Table V).
While differences in mean record lengths between databases were small after allowing for linkage, differences between practices were marked within both databases (Table 4).
The data reveal both major compositional shifts and subtle interunit linkage differences between the syringyl guaiacyl lignins in normal WT poplar vs. the p-hydroxyphenyl-elevated lignins in the most highly downregulated C3H-RNAi transgenic.
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Despite the plausibility of several of these linkages, differences in pesticide exposure among farmworkers in different types of employment relationships have not been studied explicitly.
The localization of the causal variants is a different question beyond the scope of this analysis, but a multiethnic approach will likely be helpful for that purpose as well, as linkage disequilibrium differences between populations can be exploited to narrow the genomic window that harbors the causal variant [21], [22].
Other investigators have evaluated T2DM genetic associations across multiple ethnicities with conflicting results, possibly attributable to limited statistical power, allelic heterogeneity, or linkage disequilibrium differences (20, 21).
Except for residues near the covalent ubiquitin linkage, the differences in chemical shifts are small (<0.04 ppm; Figure 1 figure supplement 1).
Linkage disequilibrium: differences in a population between the observed occurrence of some combinations of alleles or genetic markers and their expected frequencies under the assumption of independence.
Through an extensive PubMed search and survey of recent review articles, we assembled a large list of genes or gene products with a confirmed or putative association with AMD resulting from genetic linkage, expression differences (RNA or protein) or localization to drusen in humans [ 15- 33, 40, 54- 110].
Future research could valuably explore linkages and differences between these factors.
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