Whichever way the line of causation runs, it's alarming.
Drawing a direct line of causation between Trump's rhetoric and the spike in hate crimes is difficult.
There are studies linking long-term marijuana use to impaired cognition, mental-health problems and dependency, even if the line of causation is not always clear.
Umunna said he was drawing a "direct correlation and line of causation between some of the acts of antisemitism we have seen in the Labour party and the activities of Momentum".
Of course.In this case, Ms Chalari, a scholar, at least proposed a specific and plausible line of causation from grammar to personality: in Greek, the verb comes first, and it carries a lot of information, hence easy interrupting.
But the reverse line of causation is also valid: structural transformations ignite institutional changes (Ancochea 1999; Chang 2011; Reinert 2007).
It's hard to draw a clear line of causation between health warnings and numbers smoking in a country, as they are usually introduced together with other measures such as tax increases and ad campaigns.
Focusing here on a line of causation running from collective bargaining to trust, the design features of collective bargaining systems that could potentially help build up trust would include built-in incentives to continue bargaining rather than walking away in the case of failure, government involvement, and long-term contracting.
A long literature exists pursuing this line of causation that generally states that when health status improves, workers may be more productive, raising GDP [ 33].
It could be argued that morbidity, or as in our case mortality, is part of the line of causation between LTC-rates and HD-rates, and including it in the model would then be an over-adjustment [ 30].
