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This paper addresses the design of container liner shipping service networks by explicitly taking into account empty container repositioning.
Few studies investigate the effects on the demand side of the market for container liner shipping.
Almost two-thirds of the volume is transported by truck and RoRo shipping to continental Europe, and the remaining third is shipped out by containerised liner shipping.
The liner shipping industry became complicated due to the involvement of multiple players with strategic alliances and the cascade effect supported by vessel size increases.
Extensive trade with neighbouring countries is dominated by RoRo shipping, but a significant part of the trans-ocean trade is effectuated by container liner shipping.
It is important for liner shipping companies to maintain cost efficient and robust liner shipping networks.
The proposed model is applied to a liner shipping network operated by a global liner shipping company.
A set of numerical experiments are conducted for a real-life liner shipping route to reveal managerial insights that can be of importance to liner shipping companies.
That was the year when liner shipping cartels known as "conferences" were banned in Europe.
Reversing port rotation directions of ship routes is a practical alteration of container liner shipping networks.
We present a mathematical model and a solution method for the liner shipping network design problem.
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