These results suggest that the increased expression of neuroectodermal lineage markers upon BET displacement might be explained by the BET-dependent regulation of Oct4 (and possibly other neuroectodermal inhibitors).
Given the extent of HGT and orthologous displacement between lineages, while it seems clear cytosolic eukaryal SerRS was an acquisition from Archaea, the specific donor lineage cannot be identified.
Possible explanations for the general onshore-offshore evolutionary pattern include a preferential origin of lineages in shallow waters due to anoxic events in the deep sea before the late Cretaceous [12] and the displacement of lineages into the deep sea as a result of high predation in shallow waters [13].
Examples include isorenieratene (C40) production in Brevibacterium of the C50 lineage due to the presumed displacement of the lycopene elongase CrtEb and CrtYef (together leading to cyclic C50 carotenoid biosynthesis) by a C40 lineage β-carotene desaturase CrtU.
In contrast to control clones, ptc mutant clones contained more labeled CySCs on average by 14 dpci and were often seen to take over the entire somatic lineage, presumably by causing the displacement of wild-type CySCs (Fig 2B, compare boxes in Fig 2C to those in Fig 1G).
For instance, antigenic changes are inferred from amino acid replacements in proposed epitopes, and changes in virus fitness are inferred from rapid displacement of existing lineages.
Displacement of prevailing lineages on the basis of immune escape (antigenic drift) has been suggested for EV30 as the mechanism to maintain viral circulation levels that increase periodically (12, 17, 18 ).
The intervals of stasis in influenza A virus evolution are punctuated by periods of apparent rapid change in fitness (owing primarily to antigenic innovation), which are associated with an excess of nonsynonymous mutations in epitope regions of HA and the rapid displacement of old lineages by new dominant ones.
These results demonstrate the scalable character of the progressive displacement of the different lineages from their common stem/progenitor cells.
While previous studies of the molecular epidemiology of these lineages have documented the pattern of displacement [ 38, 48], they did not investigate the mechanism.
