Valuable though these studies have been, they are largely nondynamic, and have not encompassed the stage- and lineage-specific complexity, and cross-regulatory interactions, of these TFs.
Among 13 lineages whose complexity has risen, the number of genes reached quite diverse maximum values within the first 2000 generations, from 24 to 67.
We found that the core Rab repertoire associated with basic endocytosis and exocytosis is fully conserved [ 25], the endomembrane system appears to be very ancient and maintained same for Leishmania and Leptomonas, whilst gene duplication has facilitated the building of additional, lineage-specific complexity [ 24].
Based on the phylogenetic relationship of holometabolous insects [ 85], we elucidate several evolutionary events (e.g. gene expansion, terminal extension and tandem repeat) which might have occurred along the parasitoid branch to result in the lineage-specific complexity increase in N. vitripennis AMPs for synergetic defense in parasitic condition [ 86].
For the most part, these studies have illustrated how single-cell genotyping validates the major mutation clusters identified through population-based analysis while also providing additional insights into ancestral lineage and clonal complexity of tumours.
The pattern of salt tolerance evolution inferred in the Poaceae is interesting because it suggests that, at least in the grasses, salt tolerance has evolved repeatedly in a range of lineages, despite the complexity of salt tolerance adaptations.
Luminal alveolar progenitors are more abundant in transplant assays and in vitro collagen assays than basal ductal progenitors, and SPADE demonstrated that the luminal lineages show increasing complexity with lobule maturity.
In addition, the comparison of the whole ZFP sets in major eukaryotic lineages has revealed a remarkable level of complexity through lineage specific diversification and expansion.
Here we propose that tolerance to oxygen may explain several aspects of eukaryote complexity including lineage origin.
The relationship between the epitope architecture of the H5N1 HA, antigenic evolution of the different H5N1 lineages and the antigenic complexity of the H5N1 virus lineages that constitute potential pandemic strains are discussed in detail.
