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We then explain when stochasticity matters in evolution, distinguishing four broad situations: stochasticity contributes to maladaptation or limits adaptation; it drives evolution on flat fitness landscapes (evolutionary freedom); it might promote jumps from one fitness peak to another (evolutionary revolutions); and it might shape the selection pressures themselves.
Lastly, there may be costs to adaptation, where agonistic pleiotropy [ 7] or developmental integration [ 11] limits adaptation of any given trait because of its interaction with other traits during development.
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In this study, we examined the ability of a freshwater fish to adapt to conditions relevant to climate change under circumstances that, theoretically, should limit adaptation.
Thus, trade-offs between physiological, morphological or behavioural traits might be constrained and so limit adaptation when ontogeny occurs across different environments [1].
where applicable; h) repeat steps (b) – (g) until termination (time limit, adaptation steady states, etc).
The resulting test sequence was completely randomized across SNRs and across VCVs to limit adaptation to noise levels and learning.
When a particular nutrient is limiting, adaptation takes the form of more transport genes or higher enzyme concentrations.
Thus, the increased cost of inbreeding under stress coupled with the cost of adaptation is expected to limit adaptation and severely increase the extinction probability of small populations.
However, gene flow may limit expansion, because genetic homogenization may limit adaptation at the margins of the spatial distribution (Kirkpatrick and Barton 1997).
This form of pleiotropy, where multiple traits have a shared underlying genetic basis, can potentially limit adaptation in both biological and digital organisms.
Artificial gene flow resulted in increased fitness at early life stages in the offspring of individuals from peripheral populations at the range margins, suggesting that inbreeding depression may limit adaptation and range expansion.
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