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The S-5 min film was amorphous and homogeneous in morphology with a limited surface roughness.
TEM images combined with the corresponding diffraction patterns depicted that: a) The S-5 min film was amorphous and homogeneous in morphology with a limited surface roughness.
The use of single crystal surfaces minimises differences in surface area between the three faces limiting possible effects of surface topography which can significantly affect forces of bacterial adhesion to surfaces.[19, 20] The surfaces we employed have limited surface roughness as determined by AFM (< 1 nm rms).
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Liquid FM-AFM is, however, limited to samples with small surface roughness (<1 nm).
However, due to the complex structural system consisting of workpiece, fixture, cutting tool and machine tool the vibrations and consequently the surface roughness cannot be described quite accurately by the limited set of independent variables.
The slight change of surface roughness might result from two factors such as the limited surface diffusion caused by relatively low thermal energy and a crystallite size effect; nevertheless, our samples have similar surface roughness.
The combined surface roughness and surface segregation of fluorinated segments have only a limited effect on the macroscopic wettability of the surfaces.
D is the surface fractal dimension which is limited as follows: 0, le D le { 3},where D is denoted as a measure of surface roughness.
Next, the surface roughness (due to the presence of surface defects) and impurity may cause electron scattering, leading to the limited mobility.
The club's volume is checked and its surface roughness gauged.
Figure 6 Surface roughness.
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