Given the limited difference in mutation rate between chromosomal classes in birds this should probably only have a relatively small effect on the diversity levels [ 55, 57], but still suggests that the observed Z-chromosome diversities are at least not higher than expected, especially in A. clanga.
The TMRCA for the NSP4 segment was estimated at 1954, which together with a high mutation rate and limited genetic diversity suggest that the NSP4 E1 genotypes may have gone through a genetic bottleneck.
Although 4-fold degenerate sites are more accurate in revealing the mutation rate, their limited numbers in coding sequences maximizes the stochastic noise in the calculation of the GC contents.
Although this study did not allow for a calculation of the USA300 mutation rate, it suggests a limited accumulation of novel SNPs (only three SNPs in each, HH1000 and HH2000) over the 15-month study period appears.
Adaptation across the genome can simultaneously be mutation limited and non-mutation limited in the same population, depending on population-size fluctuations, mutation rate, target size, and the strength of selection.
Parasites are generally considered to have a high mutation rate, small effective population size and a limited dispersal ability.
Attempts to develop peptide vaccines, based on a limited number of peptides face two problems: HLA polymorphism and the high mutation rate of viral epitopes.
According to this hypothesis, the existence of limited RNA editing in extant Geraniaceae (Table 1) would reflect mutational drift to unedited C residues following the evident reversals in mutation rate, i.e, cessation of the hypothetical mutagenic retroprocessing activity.
The mutation rate may differ also between organs, even though there is only limited data available on the mutational spectra of various tissue types [ 41].
Moreover, if we were to assume that the current effective population size of the European human population is in fact Ncur ≈ 2 × 10 still over an order of magnitude smaller than its census size we would already be in the non-mutation-limited regime for UA ≈ 10−8, the current estimate of the single-nucleotide mutation rate in humans (Kong et al. 2012).
